UPSC Current Affairs 14 March 2026

Great Indian Bustard Captive Breeding Programme

Why in News

• Two new chicks of the Great Indian Bustard have hatched at a conservation facility in Rajasthan.
• Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav announced that the total number of birds under the captive breeding programme has reached 70.

About the Captive Breeding Programme

• The breeding initiative is being implemented under Project Great Indian Bustard.
• The programme has entered its fourth year and aims to conserve the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard.
• The latest chicks were born at a conservation breeding centre in Rajasthan.
• One chick was produced through natural mating and the other through artificial insemination.

Reintroduction into the Wild

• Authorities plan to gradually release some captive-bred birds into natural habitats through a soft release process.
• Soft release allows birds to adapt to the wild environment before complete independence.
• The step is considered crucial for restoring viable populations in the wild.

Status of the Great Indian Bustard

• The Great Indian Bustard is one of the most endangered bird species in the world.
• Historically, it was found across large parts of the Indian subcontinent.
• Today, its remaining population is mainly restricted to parts of Rajasthan.
• Major threats include habitat loss, collision with power lines and human disturbances.

Importance of the Programme

• The captive breeding programme aims to prevent the extinction of the species.
• It supports long-term population recovery and conservation in natural habitats.
• The initiative involves coordination between the central government and the Rajasthan Forest Department.

Significance

• The increase in captive population to 70 birds represents an important milestone in conservation efforts.
• Successful breeding and reintroduction may help revive wild populations of the species in the future.

National Conference on Cold Water Fisheries

Why in News

• The Department of Fisheries India will organise the first National Conference on Cold Water Fisheries in Srinagar.
• The event will take place at the Sher-e-Kashmir International Conference Centre.

Objectives of the Conference

• To provide a national platform for discussing the sustainable development of cold water fisheries in India.
• To explore livelihood opportunities in mountainous and high-altitude regions.
• To promote collaboration among policymakers, researchers and industry stakeholders.

Cold Water Fisheries in India

• Cold water fisheries are mainly located in Himalayan states and high-altitude regions.
• Major regions include:
  • Jammu and Kashmir
  • Ladakh
  • Himachal Pradesh
  • Uttarakhand
  • Arunachal Pradesh
  • Sikkim
• The sector covers more than 5.33 lakh square kilometres of mountainous terrain.
• India has identified more than 278 cold water fish species.

Important Cold Water Fish Species

• Important high-value fish species include:
  • Rainbow Trout
  • Brown Trout
  • Mahseer

Government Initiatives

• Under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, investments worth about ₹2,299.56 crore have been sanctioned for cold water fisheries development.
• The scheme supports:
  • hatcheries
  • raceways
  • seed and feed systems
  • cold-chain infrastructure
  • transport networks.

National Vision for Cold Water Fisheries 2030

• The government has outlined the National Vision for Cold Water Fisheries 2030.
• The vision aims to:
  • double production of trout and mahseer
  • expand aquaculture in hilly regions
  • generate additional livelihood opportunities.

Infrastructure Development

• Several infrastructure projects have been approved under PMMSY:
  • more than 5,600 raceways
  • 54 hatcheries
  • 5,600 trout rearing units
  • 293 cold storages
  • 8,044 transport vehicles
  • 260 feed mills.

Integrated Aqua Parks

• Four Integrated Aqua Parks are being developed in:
  • Anantnag in Jammu and Kashmir
  • Udham Singh Nagar in Uttarakhand
  • Ziro in Arunachal Pradesh
  • Mokokchung in Nagaland.

Significance

• Cold water fisheries have strong potential to generate income and employment in remote mountainous regions.
• The sector also supports biodiversity conservation and sustainable aquaculture development.
• Improved infrastructure and technology adoption can help reduce imports of premium fish species and boost domestic production.

India Exports GI-Tagged Joha Rice

Why in News

• India has exported the first consignment of GI-tagged Joha Rice to the United Kingdom and Italy.
• The export was facilitated by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Key Details of the Export

• The shipment consisted of about 25 metric tonnes of Joha rice.
• The consignment was dispatched on March 12 in collaboration with the Assam government’s agriculture department.
• The export was carried out by Safe Agritrade Pvt. Ltd..
• Processing and packaging were done at Pratik Agro Food Processing.

About Joha Rice

• Joha Rice is an indigenous aromatic rice variety grown in Assam.
• It is known for its distinctive fragrance, fine grain texture and rich taste.
• The rice received the Geographical Indication Tag in 2017.
• It is increasingly gaining popularity in premium domestic and international markets.

Production in Assam

• Joha rice is cultivated across about 21,662 hectares in Assam.
• Estimated production for 2024–25 is around 43,298 metric tonnes.
• Major producing districts include:
  • Nagaon
  • Baksa
  • Goalpara
  • Sivasagar
  • Majuli
  • Chirang
  • Golaghat.

Earlier International Exports

• APEDA previously facilitated export of 1 metric tonne of Joha rice to Vietnam.
• Around 2 metric tonnes were exported to Middle Eastern countries including:
  • Kuwait
  • Bahrain
  • Qatar
  • Oman
  • Saudi Arabia.

Significance

• The export helps promote GI-tagged agricultural products from India in global markets.
• It can enhance farmers’ income and create new market opportunities.
• The initiative also supports the government’s efforts to increase agricultural exports from the North Eastern Region.

Government Approves ₹271 Crore for 6G Research Projects

Why in News

• The Government of India has approved 104 research and development projects related to 6G technology worth ₹271 crore.
• The projects are being supported under the Telecom Technology Development Fund.

Bharat 6G Vision

• The government has released the Bharat 6G Vision Document outlining the roadmap for development and deployment of 6G technology in India.
• The document includes plans for research, innovation, spectrum identification and global collaboration.

Spectrum Roadmap for 6G

• A Spectrum Roadmap has been prepared to guide the allocation and use of radio frequency bands for future 6G services.
• The roadmap is divided into three phases:
  • Short-term phase: 2025–2026
  • Medium-term phase: 2027–2030
  • Long-term phase: 2031–2035
• It aims to provide long-term visibility for telecom operators and researchers regarding spectrum availability.

Role of International Organisations

• Research and standard-setting work on 6G is being carried out globally through the International Telecommunication Union.
• The ITU Radiocommunication Sector is developing the global framework for 6G under the IMT-2030 initiative.

Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF)

• The TTDF scheme supports indigenous research and innovation in the telecom sector.
• As of February 2026, a total of 136 projects have been approved under the scheme.
• Out of these, 104 projects are focused specifically on 6G technologies.

Areas of 6G Research

• The approved projects include research on:
  • THz frequency testbeds
  • transmitter modules
  • cell-free wireless access points
  • reconfigurable intelligent surface hardware
  • artificial intelligence and machine learning applications in telecom networks.

Status of 5G Deployment in India

• 5G services have now been rolled out across all states and Union Territories.
• They currently cover about 99.9 percent of districts in the country.
• As of February 2026, around 5.23 lakh 5G Base Transceiver Stations have been installed nationwide.

Indigenous 5G Test Bed

• India has developed an indigenous 5G test bed with government support.
• The project received funding of ₹224 crore and involved collaboration among institutions including:
  • Indian Institute of Technology Madras
  • Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
  • Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
  • Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
  • Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
  • Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru
  • Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research
  • Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology

Development of 5G Innovation Ecosystem

• The government has also established 100 5G laboratories across India with an outlay of ₹97.67 crore.
• These labs aim to promote development of 5G applications in sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, logistics, governance and urban management.

Bharat 6G Alliance

• The Bharat 6G Alliance has been created to bring together industry, academia, research institutions and standards organisations.
• The alliance works to support the implementation of the Bharat 6G Vision and strengthen India’s role in global telecom technology development.

India’s Data Centre Capacity Expands Rapidly

Why in News

• India’s data centre capacity has increased nearly fourfold since 2020, according to the government.
• The information was provided in the Rajya Sabha by Jitin Prasada.

Growth of Data Centre Capacity

• India’s data centre capacity has expanded from about 375 MW in 2020 to nearly 1,500 MW by 2025.
• The growth is driven by increasing demand for digital services, cloud computing and artificial intelligence.
• Major data centre hubs include:
  • Mumbai
  • Navi Mumbai
  • Hyderabad
  • Bengaluru
  • Noida
  • Jamnagar

AI Compute Capacity Framework

• The government has onboarded about 38,231 GPUs through 14 empanelled service providers and data centres.
• These computing resources are made available to startups, researchers and academic institutions.
• The subsidised rate is about ₹65 per hour, which is roughly one-third of the global average cost.

Rising Electricity Demand

• According to the Ministry of Power India, electricity demand from data centres could reach 13.56 GW by 2031–32.
• The national power transmission infrastructure is being expanded to meet the rising electricity demand.

Role of Nuclear Energy

• Parliament has passed the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India Act.
• The law aims to strengthen the nuclear energy ecosystem.
• It is expected to support reliable electricity supply for sectors such as artificial intelligence and data centres.
• Future deployment of small modular reactors and micro nuclear reactors is also being explored.

Water Usage and Cooling Technologies

• Data centres require significant water resources depending on the cooling technologies used.
• Groundwater use for industrial purposes is regulated by guidelines issued by the Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Advanced Cooling Technologies

• Data centre operators are increasingly adopting advanced cooling methods such as:
  • direct-to-chip liquid cooling
  • adiabatic cooling
  • immersion cooling.
• High-density racks are also being deployed to support AI workloads while improving efficiency and reducing energy and water consumption.

Significance

• Rapid growth in data centres reflects India’s expanding digital economy and AI ecosystem.
• Improved infrastructure and energy planning are essential to support sustainable growth of the sector.
• Efficient cooling and power solutions will be critical to minimise environmental impacts.

Samarth Incubation Programme

Why in News

• The Centre for Development of Telematics organised a Demo Day for 18 startups under the Samarth incubation programme in New Delhi.
• The event was held at the NBCC Convention Hall.

About Samarth Incubation Programme

• The Samarth Incubation Programme was launched in March 2025 to support startups in the telecom and ICT sectors.
• The programme consists of two cohorts, each lasting six months.
• A total of 36 startups are expected to be supported under the initiative.

Implementation Partners

• The programme is implemented with support from:
  • Software Technology Parks of India
  • TiE The Indus Entrepreneurs

Support Provided to Startups

• Each selected startup receives financial assistance of ₹5 lakh.
• Startups are provided access to office space and laboratory facilities at C-DOT campuses in Delhi and Bengaluru.
• Mentorship is provided by C-DOT scientists and industry experts.
• Training sessions include topics such as:
  • product development
  • minimum viable product creation
  • financial management
  • intellectual property
  • fundraising
  • go-to-market strategies.

Focus Areas of Innovation

• The participating startups are working in several emerging technology domains including:
  • telecom applications
  • cybersecurity
  • artificial intelligence
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • 5G and 6G technologies
  • quantum technologies
  • Li-Fi and drone technologies.

Cohort-II Selection

• Cohort-II of the programme was launched in July 2025.
• The selected startups presented their innovations during the Demo Day before industry experts and investors.

Startups Selected for Stage-II Grant

• Based on performance and innovation potential, five startups were selected for the Stage-II grant:
  • Huebits Tech Private Limited
  • Khageshvara Aviation Technology Private Limited
  • Xpectro Solutions (OPC) Private Limited
  • Zepto Logic Technologies Private Limited
  • Vocbot.Ai Technology Private Limited

Additional Opportunities

• The selected startups may also receive further support through the C-DOT Collaborative Research Programme.
• The initiative aims to strengthen India’s telecom innovation ecosystem and promote indigenous technology development.

Significance

• The programme supports innovation in telecom and digital technologies.
• It contributes to strengthening India’s startup ecosystem.
• The initiative aligns with the national vision of technological self-reliance and digital transformation.

‘Purple Fest’

Why in News

• Rashtrapati Bhavan hosted the ‘Purple Fest’ to celebrate the talent and achievements of Divyangjan.
• Droupadi Murmu attended the event and emphasised the role of persons with disabilities in India’s development journey.

About Purple Fest

• The Purple Fest is an initiative aimed at recognising the abilities and achievements of Divyangjan.
• The event was organised by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• It seeks to promote awareness, accessibility and inclusion of persons with disabilities in society.

Key Highlights of the Event

• More than 8,000 Divyangjan visited the Amrit Udyan during the programme.
• The garden area was opened exclusively for Divyangjan for the occasion.
• Visitors participated in:
  • fun games and recreational activities
  • learning sessions
  • interactive stalls set up by organisations working for disability welfare.

Cultural Programme

• A cultural event was held at the Open Air Theatre Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Divyangjan artists presented various cultural performances during the programme.

President’s Message

• President Droupadi Murmu highlighted that the true character of a society is reflected in how it treats marginalised sections.
• She stated that Divyangjan are equal partners in achieving the goal of a developed India by 2047.
• She emphasised that India’s constitutional framework ensures dignity, equality and social justice for all citizens.

Constitutional and Social Significance

• The Constitution of India promotes equality and inclusion for persons with disabilities.
• The Directive Principles of State Policy recognise the importance of education, employment and public assistance for vulnerable groups.

Significance

• Purple Fest helps raise awareness about different disabilities and promotes social acceptance.
• The event encourages greater participation of Divyangjan in cultural, social and public life.
• It highlights the importance of inclusive development in India’s progress towards a developed nation by 2047.

Rajmarg Pravesh Portal

Why in News

• The Government of India has launched an upgraded version of the Rajmarg Pravesh Portal.
• The portal was launched by Nitin Gadkari to simplify the approval process for facilities along National Highways.

Objective of the Portal

• The upgraded portal aims to make the process of obtaining access permissions and No Objection Certificates faster and more transparent.
• It acts as a single digital platform for businesses, organisations and individuals seeking highway access for various infrastructure projects.

Facilities Covered under the Portal

• The portal allows applications for the development of highway-side facilities such as:
  • fuel stations
  • restaurants
  • dhabas
  • rest areas
  • residential properties
  • wayside amenities.

Utility Infrastructure Permissions

• The portal also allows approvals for laying utilities along or across National Highways.
• These utilities include:
  • water pipelines
  • gas pipelines
  • optical fibre cables
  • electricity lines.

Key Features of the Upgraded Portal

• Online submission of applications and documents.
• Real-time tracking of application status.
• Time-bound approvals and responses.
• Paperless processing and secure digital payment systems.
• GIS-based auto-detection to identify highway chainage and jurisdiction authorities.

Need for the Platform

• India’s National Highway network has expanded to more than 1.46 lakh kilometres.
• This expansion has increased the demand for supporting infrastructure such as logistics hubs, service stations and rest facilities along highways.

Significance

• The upgraded portal promotes digital governance in the highways sector.
• It reduces delays caused by physical paperwork and multiple approvals.
• The system improves transparency and efficiency in granting permissions along National Highways.

Government Steps to Reduce Cost of Drugs for Rare Diseases

Why in News

• The Government of India has outlined measures to reduce the cost of medicines used for treating rare diseases.
• The information was provided in Parliament by Anupriya Patel.

High Cost of Rare Disease Medicines

• Many medicines used for rare diseases are expensive because they are largely imported.
• Limited patient populations and high research costs also contribute to higher prices.

National Policy for Rare Diseases

• The government is implementing the National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021 to support patients.
• The policy provides financial assistance of up to ₹50 lakh per patient for treatment.
• Support is available for 63 identified rare diseases.

Centres of Excellence

• Treatment under the policy is provided through 15 designated Centres of Excellence across the country.
• These centres provide diagnosis, treatment and research support for rare disease patients.

Boost to Domestic Drug Manufacturing

• The government is promoting domestic production of medicines to reduce import dependence.
• The Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Pharmaceuticals was approved in February 2021 to encourage investment and manufacturing of high-value drugs.

Example of Domestic Production

• The active pharmaceutical ingredient of Risdiplam is now being manufactured in India.
• It is produced by Biophore India Pharmaceuticals Private Limited under the PLI scheme.
• A generic version of the drug has also been introduced by Natco Pharma Limited.

About Spinal Muscular Atrophy

• Spinal Muscular Atrophy is a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness.
• It primarily affects infants and young children.

Significance

• Domestic production of rare disease drugs can significantly reduce treatment costs.
• Financial assistance under the policy improves access to life-saving treatment.
• The initiative strengthens India’s pharmaceutical manufacturing ecosystem while supporting patients with rare diseases.

Jal Jeevan Mission

Why in News

• The Ministry of Jal Shakti has highlighted the importance of community participation in sustaining rural drinking water systems under the Jal Jeevan Mission.

About Jal Jeevan Mission

• The mission was launched in August 2019 by the Government of India.
• Its goal is to provide every rural household with a Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC).
• At the launch of the scheme, only 3.23 crore rural households had tap water connections.
• As of March 3, 2026, more than 15.82 crore rural households have access to tap water.
• The Union Budget 2026–27 has proposed an allocation of ₹67,670 crore for the mission.
• The programme has been extended until 2028.

Role of Community Participation

• Community involvement is essential for managing and maintaining rural drinking water infrastructure.
• Participation includes panchayat leaders, frontline workers, volunteers and technical staff.
• Local institutions such as Village Water and Sanitation Committees help monitor operations and ensure transparency.

Grassroots Leadership in Uttar Pradesh

• In Mankuwar Gram Panchayat in Chitrakoot District, the Mau Rural Drinking Water Supply Scheme has provided tap connections to all 340 households.
• Nearly 1,971 residents benefit from the system.
• Under the leadership of Gram Pradhan Rachna Devi, households contribute ₹50 per month as user charges.
• The collected funds help cover operational and maintenance costs.

Water Supply in High-Altitude Ladakh

• In Matho village in Leh District, maintaining water infrastructure is challenging due to extreme weather and terrain.
• Public Health Engineering staff have played a key role in installing and maintaining water supply systems in the region.

Women Leading Water Quality Monitoring

• In Manekpor village in Navsari District, women volunteers monitor drinking water quality.
• Community member Falguniben Sanjaybhai Rathod regularly tests water samples using field test kits.
• She also promotes safe water practices such as chlorination and sanitation awareness.

Women-Led Water Governance in Sikkim

• In villages of Sikkim, women leaders are playing an active role in managing water systems.
• In Rumbuk GPU under Daramdin block, Sarpanch Shela Subba has mobilised villagers through awareness programmes and regular meetings.
• In Upper Thambong GPU, Sarpanch Puspa Cintury has encouraged regular user fee contributions to maintain water infrastructure.

Expansion of Tap Water in Jharkhand

• In Kanchanpur Gram Panchayat in Jharkhand, local leadership has achieved 100 percent tap water coverage.
• The programme reached:
  • 670 households in Kanchanpur village
  • 384 households in Hethlag
  • 357 households in Govindpur.
• The Panchayat has been recognised as a Har Ghar Jal Panchayat.

Significance

• Community participation ensures sustainable operation of rural water supply systems.
• Local leadership improves accountability, maintenance and water quality monitoring.
• Such initiatives strengthen rural governance while supporting the goal of universal drinking water access.

NXT Conclave 2026

Why in News

• Om Birla stated that the NXT Conclave 2026 is emerging as an important international platform for discussions on policy, innovation and global cooperation.

About NXT Conclave 2026

• The conclave is being held in New Delhi.
• It has brought together parliamentarians, policymakers, industry leaders and thought leaders from more than 30 countries.
• The platform focuses on dialogue on governance, technology and international cooperation.

Meeting with International Delegation

• A delegation attending the conclave met the Lok Sabha Speaker at Parliament House.
• Om Birla welcomed the participants and emphasised the importance of global parliamentary dialogue in addressing modern challenges.

Role of Parliamentary Dialogue

• Parliamentary exchanges help strengthen democratic cooperation among nations.
• Dialogue among lawmakers allows sharing of experiences and policy approaches to global issues.

Role of Kartikeya Sharma

• Kartikeya Sharma was appreciated for spearheading the initiative behind the conclave.
• His efforts helped develop the event into a platform for engagement between policymakers and global leaders.

India’s Democratic Tradition

• The Parliament of India represents the aspirations and diversity of around 1.4 billion citizens.
• Policy decisions are shaped through debate, discussion and consensus-building among representatives.
• India is often described as the “Mother of Democracy” due to its long tradition of participatory governance.

Digital Governance Initiatives

• The Speaker highlighted the role of technology in improving transparency and accountability.
• Initiatives such as the Direct Benefit Transfer have streamlined the delivery of government benefits and reduced leakages.
• Parliamentary functioning has also been modernised through programmes such as the Digital Sansad.

Parliamentary Diplomacy

• The Indian Parliament has created more than 60 Parliamentary Friendship Groups.
• These groups promote cooperation and engagement with legislatures across the world.
• Parliamentary diplomacy helps strengthen democratic institutions globally.

Significance

• The conclave provides a platform for dialogue on emerging global challenges.
• It encourages collaboration among lawmakers, policymakers and experts from different countries.
• Such forums strengthen international cooperation and policy innovation.

IBSA Fund Promotes Women’s Empowerment through South-South Cooperation

Why in News

• Savitri Thakur highlighted the role of the IBSA Fund for Poverty and Hunger Alleviation in promoting women’s empowerment and development cooperation.
• She spoke during an event at the 70th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women held at the United Nations Headquarters.

About the IBSA Fund

• The fund was established in 2004 by India, Brazil and South Africa.
• It operates under the India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum.
• The fund supports development projects in countries of the Global South.
• It has funded more than 50 projects across nearly 40 countries.

Focus on Women-Led Development

• Many projects supported by the IBSA Fund aim to strengthen women’s leadership and participation.
• The initiatives promote gender equality, inclusive governance and sustainable development.

Project in Liberia

• A project in Liberia focuses on strengthening the Women Legislative Caucus.
• It aims to build capacity among women legislators.
• The project promotes gender-responsive governance and oversight mechanisms.
• It also works to address discriminatory laws and promote legal reforms.

Proposed Floriculture Project in Jordan

• A proposed initiative in Jordan focuses on floriculture development.
• It plans to establish a reverse osmosis unit to reuse treated wastewater for agriculture.
• The project will support floriculture production across 60 greenhouses and a five-hectare nursery.
• It is expected to create 50 women-led micro-enterprises and provide training to 150 women.

India’s Domestic Initiatives for Women

• The government has launched several programmes to strengthen women’s participation in education, skills and entrepreneurship.
• The Union Budget 2025–26 allocated about ₹5.01 lakh crore (around USD 60 billion) for gender budgeting.
• This reflects an increase of more than eight percent from the previous year.

Bilateral Engagement

• On the sidelines of the event, Savitri Thakur met Sindisiwe Chikunga.
• The discussion focused on cooperation under the IBSA framework and collaboration in global platforms such as G20 and BRICS.

Significance

• The IBSA Fund demonstrates the potential of Global South cooperation in addressing development challenges.
• It supports sustainable development projects while promoting women’s leadership and economic participation.
• Such initiatives strengthen multilateral partnerships and inclusive development globally.

India–EFTA Trade Pact

Why in News

• Piyush Goyal urged industries to utilise opportunities under the India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement.
• The agreement includes a legally binding commitment of 100 billion US dollars in investment from EFTA countries.

About the India–EFTA Trade Agreement

• The agreement is signed between India and the European Free Trade Association.
• EFTA consists of four countries:
  • Switzerland
  • Norway
  • Iceland
  • Liechtenstein
• The agreement aims to boost trade, investment and economic cooperation between India and these countries.

Investment Commitment

• The pact includes a legally binding investment commitment of 100 billion US dollars from EFTA nations.
• The investment is expected to support manufacturing and services sectors in India.
• It is projected to generate about one million jobs in the Indian economy.

Safeguard Clause

• The agreement contains a safeguard provision.
• India can withdraw trade concessions if the investment commitments are not fulfilled by EFTA countries.

Market Access and Economic Opportunities

• The agreement offers nearly full market access for Indian goods and services in EFTA markets.
• It creates opportunities for sectors such as technology, services and innovation.
• The government has encouraged businesses, entrepreneurs and MSMEs to benefit from these opportunities.

Protection of Sensitive Sectors

• The government has ensured protection for sensitive sectors.
• Dairy and agriculture sectors are not included in market access commitments.
• Genetically modified agricultural products have not been granted concessions under the agreement.

Initial Investment under the Pact

• Early investments have already begun following the agreement.
• Iceland has invested about 30 million US dollars in the fisheries sector in Maharashtra.

Institutional Support

• An FTA facilitation desk has been set up in western India to help businesses explore opportunities under the agreement.
• Industry bodies such as ASSOCHAM are working to connect businesses with partners in EFTA countries.

Related Trade Developments

• The minister also highlighted progress on the India–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement.
• The agreement could become one of the fastest trade deals to be ratified by the UK Parliament.

Significance

• The India–EFTA trade pact strengthens India’s economic engagement with Europe.
• It is expected to attract large-scale foreign investment and generate employment.
• The agreement also expands India’s global trade partnerships while protecting key domestic sectors.

Japan Plans to Join U.S. ‘Golden Dome’ Missile Defence Initiative

Why in News

• Japan is expected to announce its participation in the Golden Dome missile defence project led by Donald Trump.
• The announcement may be made during the meeting between Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi and Donald Trump in Washington, D.C..

About the Golden Dome Project

• The Golden Dome is a proposed U.S. missile defence initiative announced in 2025.
• The project aims to expand existing ground-based missile defence systems.
• It also includes experimental space-based elements to detect, track and potentially intercept incoming missiles from orbit.
• The initiative has an ambitious target timeline for implementation by 2028.

Objectives of the Initiative

• The system is intended to improve defence against advanced missile threats.
• It will integrate ground-based interceptor missiles with space-based detection systems.
• The project aims to strengthen early warning and interception capabilities.

Japan’s Strategic Interest

• Japan hopes the project will enhance its defence against advanced weapons such as hypersonic glide vehicles.
• Countries such as China and Russia are developing hypersonic missile technologies.
• Participation in the initiative may strengthen Japan’s missile defence capabilities.

Possible Missile Production Support

• The United States may request Japan’s assistance in missile production.
• The demand arises partly due to the depletion of U.S. military stockpiles caused by ongoing conflicts, including:
  • The war involving Israel and Iran.
  • The conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

Patriot Missile Cooperation

• Japan previously exported a batch of Patriot surface-to-air missile system interceptors to the United States.
• These missiles were produced in Japan under licence.
• The export marked a major shift from Japan’s long-standing restrictions on lethal weapons exports.

Strategic Context

• The United States is encouraging defence manufacturers to increase production of missiles and military equipment.
• Japan is also expanding its own military capabilities to deter regional threats.
• These threats include tensions involving North Korea and the growing military capabilities of China.

Significance

• Japan’s participation in the Golden Dome project could strengthen defence cooperation between the United States and Japan.
• It may also enhance missile defence capabilities against emerging technologies such as hypersonic weapons.
• The initiative reflects the growing importance of advanced missile defence systems in global security dynamics.

India Emerging as Global Hub for Precision Medicine and Biomanufacturing

Why in News

• Jitendra Singh stated that India is entering a transformative phase in healthcare with advancements in biotechnology, genomics and multi-omics research.
• He made the remarks at the Multi-Omics Summit 2026 organised by the Proteomics Society India.

Growth of Biotechnology Sector in India

• India’s biotechnology ecosystem has expanded rapidly in recent years.
• The country now has more than 11,000 biotechnology startups.
• A decade ago, the number of such startups was only a few dozen.
• India is also emerging as a major destination for medical tourism due to affordable and high-quality healthcare services.

BioE3 Policy

• The government has introduced the BioE3 Policy.
• The policy aims to strengthen biotechnology innovation and industrial growth.
• It focuses on expanding biomanufacturing capacity and supporting the growth of the bioeconomy.
• The initiative is expected to create employment and promote sustainable biotechnology solutions.

Biopharma Shakti Scheme

• The government has launched the Biopharma Shakti Scheme with an allocation of ₹10,000 crore.
• The scheme aims to develop biomanufacturing hubs and biofoundries.
• It will also support advanced biotechnology research infrastructure across India.

India’s Genetic Diversity Advantage

• India’s large and genetically diverse population provides valuable data for genomic research.
• The Genome India Project has already sequenced around 10,000 genomes.
• The upcoming Phenome India Initiative will further expand research on disease patterns and personalised medicine.

Role of Multi-Omics Research

• Multi-omics research integrates multiple biological data systems such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics.
• Artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly being used to analyse complex biological data.
• These technologies help identify disease mechanisms and develop personalised treatments.

Advances in Medical Research

• India is making progress in gene-based therapies and nuclear medicine.
• Research is being carried out for diseases such as Sickle Cell Disease and Hemophilia.
• Scientists are also developing nuclear medicine treatments for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in children at the Tata Memorial Centre.

Global Collaboration and Innovation

• India is emerging as a global hub for collaboration in biotechnology and medical research.
• Partnerships among academia, industry and startups are strengthening innovation in advanced fields such as multi-omics.

Significance

• Advances in biotechnology and genomics are transforming India’s healthcare and research ecosystem.
• The integration of artificial intelligence with biological research is accelerating medical innovation.
• These developments could position India as a global leader in precision medicine and biomanufacturing.

Why Iran Can Easily Disrupt the Strait of Hormuz?

Why in News

• Iran has effectively blocked shipping through the Strait of Hormuz following military strikes by United States and Israel.
• The disruption has raised fears of a global energy crisis as the strait carries a large share of the world’s oil and liquefied natural gas.

Importance of the Strait of Hormuz

• The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow maritime passage connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman.
• It lies between Iran and Oman.
• About one-fifth of global oil and liquefied natural gas supplies normally pass through this route.
• Major energy exporters that rely on this route include:
  • Kuwait
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Qatar
  • United Arab Emirates

Why Iran Decided to Block the Strait

• Iran has repeatedly threatened to close the strait during geopolitical tensions.
• The current closure is a response to military strikes against Iran by the United States and Israel.
• Iranian leaders consider the ongoing conflict an existential threat.
• Strategic control of the strait is seen as a powerful tool to pressure global powers.

What Is at Stake Globally

• Disruption of shipping has caused oil prices to rise sharply.
• The crisis could trigger global inflation and a cost-of-living crisis similar to the one following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
• Around 33 percent of global fertiliser shipments also pass through the strait.
• Any disruption could therefore affect food production and global food security.

Why the Strait Is Difficult to Secure

• The shipping lanes in the strait are extremely narrow, about two nautical miles wide.
• Ships must pass close to Iranian islands and mountainous coastlines.
• These geographical features provide strategic cover for Iranian military operations.
• Iran can monitor and target vessels moving through the corridor.

Iran’s Military Capabilities in the Strait

• Even though Iran’s conventional navy is limited, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps possesses several asymmetric capabilities:
  • Fast attack boats capable of swarm tactics
  • Mini-submarines
  • Naval mines
  • Explosive drones
  • Small suicide craft such as explosive-laden jet skis
• Iran also has significant drone manufacturing capacity.

Challenges for Naval Escort Operations

• The United States has considered escorting ships through the strait.
• Protecting only a few ships per day would require several destroyers and air-defence systems.
• Sustaining such operations for months would demand large military resources.
• Even with escorts, threats from mines, drones and suicide attacks would remain.

International Response

• Donald Trump said the U.S. may provide protection for oil tankers passing through the strait.
• Emmanuel Macron suggested a possible multinational mission involving European and Asian countries.
• France has deployed naval vessels to the eastern Mediterranean and the Red Sea.
• Keir Starmer discussed potential support for shipping with European leaders.

Lessons from Other Regional Chokepoints

• Shipping in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and the Suez Canal was disrupted earlier by attacks from Yemen’s Houthi movement.
• Many shipping companies rerouted vessels around the southern tip of Africa to avoid the Red Sea.
• This shows how difficult it is to secure maritime chokepoints even with international naval forces.

Possible Alternatives to the Strait

• Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have attempted to build pipelines to bypass the strait.
• However, these alternatives are limited and vulnerable to attacks.
• As a result, the Strait of Hormuz remains the most critical energy transit route in the world.

Significance

• The Strait of Hormuz is one of the most strategically important maritime chokepoints.
• Any disruption can affect global oil prices, energy security and food supply chains.
• The situation highlights the vulnerability of global trade routes to geopolitical conflicts.

Why the Houthis Have Not Yet Entered the Iran–Israel Conflict?

Why in News

• The Houthi Movement, an ally of Iran, has not formally joined the regional conflict triggered by strikes involving United States and Israel.
• This is notable because other Iran-aligned groups in the region have already taken part in the conflict.

Who Are the Houthis

• The Houthis are a political, military and religious movement based in northern Yemen.
• They follow the Zaydi branch of Shia Islam.
• The movement is led by the Houthi family and its current leader is Abdul Malik al-Houthi.
• The group gained prominence during the unrest linked to the Arab Spring.
• In 2014, the Houthis captured the Yemeni capital Sanaa.

Conflict in Yemen

• In 2015, Saudi Arabia led a coalition of Arab states to intervene militarily in Yemen.
• The aim was to restore the internationally recognised government and push back Houthi control.
• Years of fighting caused one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises.
• A truce mediated by the United Nations was reached in 2022 and has largely held since then.

Houthi Military Capabilities

• The Houthis have developed significant missile and drone capabilities.
• They have previously targeted energy facilities and infrastructure in:
  • Saudi Arabia
  • United Arab Emirates
• The group has also demonstrated the ability to disrupt international shipping in the Red Sea region.

Red Sea Attacks After the Gaza War

• Following the October 2023 attack by Hamas on Israel, the Houthis began attacking shipping in the Red Sea.
• They said the attacks were carried out in support of Palestinians during the war in Gaza Strip.
• The group also launched missiles and drones toward Israel.
• The attacks stopped after a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas in October 2025.

Reasons for Not Joining the Current War

Independent Political Agenda

• Unlike groups such as Hezbollah, the Houthis do not fully follow Iran’s supreme leadership structure.
• Their political priorities are largely domestic, focused on control within Yemen.

Strategic Calculation

• Analysts believe the group may be waiting for a more favourable moment to intervene.
• Entering the conflict too early could reduce its strategic leverage.

Risk of Retaliation

• Direct involvement could lead to heavy military retaliation from the United States, Israel and possibly Saudi Arabia.
• Such escalation could threaten Houthi control in Yemen.

Domestic Economic Pressure

• Yemen is already facing severe economic and humanitarian challenges.
• Prolonged war could worsen internal instability.

Possible Future Actions

• Some analysts believe the Houthis may eventually target shipping routes again, especially in the Red Sea.
• They may also coordinate actions with Iran if the conflict intensifies.
• However, the group could also choose to remain outside the conflict to avoid escalation.

Significance

• The Houthis control territory near key maritime chokepoints around the Arabian Peninsula.
• Their involvement could significantly disrupt global shipping routes and energy supplies.
• Their current restraint highlights the complex strategic calculations within Iran-aligned regional groups.

Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant

Why in News

• Alexei Likhachev warned of increasing military risks around the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant due to intensified fighting in the region.
• The warning followed a meeting with Rafael Grossi in Moscow.

About Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant

• The plant is located in southeastern Ukraine.
• It is the largest nuclear power plant in Europe.
• The facility has been under the control of Russia since the early stages of the Russia–Ukraine War.
• Due to the ongoing conflict, the plant has become a major concern for global nuclear safety.

Increasing Military Activity

• According to Rosatom, the area around the plant has witnessed:
  • Frequent artillery shelling
  • Drone attacks
  • Mortar fire
• The industrial zone of the plant has been repeatedly targeted.
• These attacks have occasionally caused power supply disruptions.

Nuclear Safety Concerns

• Damage to power infrastructure could affect the plant’s cooling systems.
• Any disruption in cooling could increase the risk of a nuclear accident.
• International organisations have repeatedly warned about the dangers of military activity around nuclear facilities.

IAEA Initiative for Ceasefire

• International Atomic Energy Agency has proposed establishing a ceasefire zone around the plant.
• The goal is to ensure nuclear safety and restore stable power supply.
• Temporary ceasefires have been attempted multiple times during the conflict.

Global Significance

• The Zaporizhzhia facility plays a major role in Ukraine’s energy system.
• Continued fighting near the plant raises fears of a nuclear disaster similar to the Chernobyl disaster.
• Ensuring safety at the plant is considered a critical international priority during the ongoing conflict.